The greatest health challenge for the fish farming industry today is infection with the parasite Lepeophtheirus salmonis, better known as the salmon louse.
Enormous resources are used to control the number of lice in the farm cages. Lice have proved to be increasingly resistant to the traditional chemical treatment agents, and new strategies with alternative methods are being developed.
The salmon louse is a small crustacean from the copepod family. It attacks the fish by attaching itself to the salmon in the copepod stage and injects a substance that inhibits the salmon's immune system locally. It remains there while it develops through several stages until it can move and gradually becomes a full-grown adult louse. The mobile lice move around the salmon and feed on mucus and skin cells. The damage to the skin can lead to scarring which makes the fish more susceptible to infections. Weakening of the skin can also allow salt water to get in. If the fish doesn't manage to get rid of the salt, it can have problems with maintaining its fluid balance.
In some areas of fish farming, increased numbers of salmon lice on both farmed salmon and wild salmon have been recorded. To avoid salmon lice limiting the stock of wild salmon, the occurrence of salmon lice on farmed fish determines to what extent the aquaculture industry can grow.
Salmon lice are cold-blooded and thrive at milder temperatures, preferably 7-15 °C. Extreme temperatures represent limits connected with poor wellbeing.
It has the potential to reproduce approximately all the year round, and as a cold-blooded creature the development speed increases as temperature rises. From an historical perspective, the challenges have been limited to Southern and Central Norway\[JC1\] , but now the pressure of infection is also increasing in the northern counties. The Institute of Marine Research has amongst other things looked at the connection between temperature and lice.
Salmon lice propagate when adult females lay eggs, and the larvae are spread with the water flow. The warmer it is, the quicker the development and egg production progresses.
When the salmon lice hatch, they first of all become nauplius larvae. The larvae can move with the current over long distances. These are harmless to the fish and nor do they feed on them. The temperature determines how long this stage lasts. If it is warm in the water, it quickly changes to the next stage, a copepodite, and becomes a threat to the fish.
The research suggests that the nauplius larvae live longest at 7–10°C. At 3°C there was almost no production of copepodites. At 5°C, the larvae turn into copepodites, but with limited ability to attach themselves to fish. The larvae also survived at 20°C, but in this case their lifetime was shorter, the organisms were smaller, and egg production was reduced.
It's at the copepodite stage that the salmon lice urgently need to find a fish to feed on if they are not to die of hunger. Read more about the importance of the temperature for the spread if salmon lice here
Three main strategies have been used to control the number of lice in the aquaculture nets: chemical treatment, biological methods and operational measures. The aim of the strategies was to remove the lice, encourage them to stay at a distance or physically prevent them from approaching the fish. Most farmers find that a combination of measures is most effective, with cleaner fish being one of the several measures that is effective.
By dipping the fish in hydrogen peroxide for example, the lice release their hold, and the fish are returned louse-free to their cage. The disadvantages are that the salmon lice can become resistant, and it is uncertain whether the lice actually die from the treatment. The salmon can become stressed with repeated treatments and the treatment is expensive. It is also unknown what effect the different chemicals have on the environment around the farm.
Cleaner fish such as wrasse and lumpfish are used for biological delousing of the farmed fish. They feed on lice without stressing the salmon. Under good conditions, the cleaner fish can substantially reduce the number of lice in the farm. The effect is dependent on the quality of the cleaner fish, amongst other things. It is also crucial that they are fed properly and that their further wellbeing is taken care of through shelter for the cleaner fish and proper care.
The use of special feed that increases the salmons' layer of mucus and makes it more difficult for the lice to attach themselves represents an alternative method that has proved effective.
Lice can be removed mechanically. For example, technology is available for the removal of lice by means of flushing, brushing and lasers. The challenge is to implement such measures without a significant stress response in the fish. After all the fish have been slaughtered in an area, the area must be left empty so that a certain period of time elapses before new smolt are introduced. If the period is long enough then the period without nutrition, i.e. without access to a host fish, will kill the lice.
Other operational measures aim to separate the lice and the fish. Lice thrive in other parts of the water column. One method is permaskirt, a sheet of tarpaulin that is stretched around the top of the aquaculture cage and that keeps lice out. Light is also used, as well as feeding lower down in the water so that the fish circulate in deeper water than the majority of lice. Work is also being carried out with submersible cages which keep the fish in water deeper than the lice's preferred living depth.
Results (38)
Aquatic animals are highly adaptable, requiring around 40 essential nutrients that can be sourced from various raw materials, including marine ingredients, animal products, grains, and novel sources. This adaptability is crucial to the industry's growth and will allow for diverse feed formulations
The global aquafeed industry has undergone a significant transformation over the past two decades, shifting from marine-based ingredients to plant-based raw materials. This transition has linked aquafeed production more closely with the environmental and social impacts of agriculture. Sustainable raw material sourcing is critical, given that aquafeed production accounts for up to 80% of the scope 3 greenhouse gas emissions in salmon farming.
Yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) is a highly valued marine species known for its rapid growth and high market price. Predominantly farmed in sea cages in regions such as Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and Mexico, this species is now being explored for recirculating aquaculture systems in Europe and the USA.
BioMar’s Aquaculture Technology Centre at Hirtshals Denmark opened a new wing dedicated to research and development in the hatchery segment. The LARVIVA Hatchery Hub trial facility was officially opened by BioMar’s CEO Carlos Diaz.
Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) are a crucial freshwater aquaculture species in China, facing challenges like high water temperatures that cause significant economic losses. One promising solution is using functional feeds with natural antioxidants.
Iron (Fe) is a crucial trace mineral involved in various biochemical processes in fish. For Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), the dietary iron requirement ranges from 60 to 160 mg/kg. However, these requirements were established using purified diets with highly bioavailable iron forms, and may not reflect the needs in practical diets where interactions with antinutrients such as phytate can affect iron bioavailability.
There is a promising new feed ingredient from the forests of Norway, sawdust! Sourcing locally is ideal and in Norway only around 8%* of the raw materials in a salmon diet come from Norway.
Research coming out of BioMar’s R&D department which was showcased at the Global Seafood Conference in Scotland yesterday, shows that many of the new novel ingredients are delivering more than just good sustainability metrics. They are maintaining strong growth performance as well as showing positive effects on robustness, welfare and health.
Innovation within circular marine supply chains is reducing BioMar’s carbon footprint. BioMar’s continuous improvement on reducing wild caught fish in our aquafeeds has launched several new partnerships and investments in the circular economy.
The Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC) is an independent, not-for-profit organization that operates a voluntary, independent third-party certification and labelling programme based on scientifically robust Standards.
BioMar first introduced microalgae omega-3 into commercial salmon feeds in 2016 after three years of R&D and planning.
The skin and mucous membranes are the only things that separate the inside of the fish from their surroundings.